![]() During administration the examiner sits next to the test taker, presents the cards sequentially, saying, “What might this be? ” and then records all responses verbatim. On average it takes about an hour and a half to administer and score the test. Using the Comprehensive System ’s guidelines for standardized administration and scoring, normative reference data are available for children, adolescents, and adults. Regardless of the label, the Rorschach provides a standard set of inkblot stimuli that are used with children, adolescents, and adults in a wide range of settings where questions of personality and problem solving are relevant, including psychiatric, medical, criminal, or legal settings, as well as when assessing normal personality functioning. ADMINISTRATION, SCORING, AND INTERPRETATION Although the terms projective and objective are still used, they have misleading connotations and do not do a good job of describing the methods that psychologists can use to assess personality so increasingly the Rorschach is called a performance task or implicit measure of personality. Projective tests were also contrasted with “objective ” personality tests, which referred to self-rating questionnaires, where people indicate whether verbal descriptions are characteristic of them, using a fixed set of response options, such as true or false. The idea was that these tasks required people to project or put forward distinctive aspects of their personality when spontaneously completing an activity without much external guidance. This term was applied to a range of different kinds of tasks that could be used for personality assessment, such as having people tell imaginative stories that go along with certain pictures or generate pencil drawings of people. In the late 1930s the Rorschach was classified as a “projective ” test. ![]() Although not specific to the Comprehensive System, the International Rorschach Society promotes research and clinical practice with the instrument and has twenty-seven member organizations worldwide. Fairly quickly the Comprehensive System became the dominant approach to administering, scoring, and interpreting the test in the United States and in other parts of the world. In the late 1960s the American psychologist John Exner (1928 –2006) reviewed the similarities and differences between these systems and then in 1974 published the first edition of what he called the Comprehensive System, which synthesized the most logically and empirically defensible elements of the earlier approaches. Each practitioner had a different approach to administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test, which created disorganization in the research literature because there was no single “test ” per se. In the late 1920s his test was introduced in the United States, and by the late 1960s five distinct approaches to its use had been developed by the psychologists Samuel Beck, Marguerite Hertz, Bruno Klopfer, Zygmunt Piotrowski, and David Rapaport. Rorschach died in 1922, less than a year after his work was published. Rorschach initially was concerned about this but ultimately realized the shading gradations provided another set of perceptual processes that could influence how people perceived the stimuli. ![]() As the inkblots were prepared for publication, imperfections in the printing process accentuated gradations in saturation that were not obvious before. Five are black and gray two are black, gray, and red and three are various pastel colors without any black. However, reproducing them was expensive, and Rorschach had to omit two in order to publish the final set of ten in 1921.Įach inkblot appears on a white background. Ultimately he selected twelve inkblots as most optimal for eliciting and identifying personality characteristics. His interests were in the perceptual operations that contributed to what people saw more than in the content of those perceptions. ![]() Instead, Rorschach used his artistic skills to refine and enhance his final inkblots so that each contained some contours that would suggest objects or images to most people. Contrary to popular perception, these were not simply blots of ink placed on a piece of paper that was folded in half and opened again. Rorschach experimented with forty or more inkblots between 19, largely with the goal of understanding the syndrome of schizophrenia (dementia praecox) that had recently been identified and described by his mentor, the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler (1857 –1939). Its name is derived from its developer, Hermann Rorschach (1884 –1922), a Swiss physician and artist. The Rorschach inkblot test is one of several inkblot-based personality assessment instruments, though it is by far the most well known, commonly used, and frequently researched. ISSUES AND EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE RORSCHACH
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |